I couldn't figure out how to do it so I down loaded the subject CD to MP3 Converter 3.1. It seemed confusing and I thought Windows 7 was supposed to be able to do the same job easily. CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). Along with the TCR, the CD8 co-receptor plays a role in T cell signaling and aiding with cytotoxic T cell antigen interactions. Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, but is specific for the MHC class I protein. CD8 T8 antigen A disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein, for which each monomer is 32–34 kD; CD8 is a marker for T cells with suppressor and cytotoxic activity; it is a co-receptor with class I MHC antigens on antigen-presenting cells, and is physically associated with a p56 tyrosine kinase, which phosphorylates adjacent proteins; NK cells may weakly express CD8. Update 7/31/2020: Windows 8.1 is long outdated, but technically supported through 2023.If you need to download an ISO to reinstall the full version of the operating system, you can download one.
This test looks at the ratio of two important types of white blood cells in your blood.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell in your immune system. This test looks at two of them, CD4 and CD8. CD4 cells lead the fight against infections. CD8 cells can kill cancer cells and other invaders.
If you have HIV, your CD4 cell count may be low. Without HIV treatment, your number of CD4 cells will likely keep falling. A lack of CD4 cells usually leads to more frequent infection.
This test looks at the ratio of CD4 cells to CD8 cells. The ratio tells your healthcare provider how strong your immune system is and helps predict how likely you are to develop a crippling infection.
In addition to HIV/AIDS, conditions that can be monitored with this test include infectious mononucleosis and other viral infections, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin disease, aplastic anemia, and neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.
Why do I need this test?
You may need this test if your healthcare provider thinks you have HIV. Some people infected with HIV may develop flu-like symptoms within a few weeks of getting the virus. But other people have no symptoms at all.
Although the test looks at the ratio of CD4 cells to CD8 cells, your healthcare provider may focus on the results of the CD4 count.
You may also have this test to see how well HIV treatment is working.
What other tests might I have along with this test?
Your healthcare provider may also order other tests to help diagnose HIV. These include:
HIV test
Complete blood count
What do my test results mean?
Many things may affect your lab test results. These include the method each lab uses to do the test. Even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. To learn what the results mean for you, talk with your healthcare provider.
Results for the ratio are given as a number. The results for each cell count are given as a number per cubic millimeter (/mm3).
A normal CD4/CD8 ratio is 2.0, with CD4 lymphocytes equal to or greater than 400/mm3 and CD8 lymphocytes equal to 200 to 800/mm3.
If your ratio is higher than 2, it means your immune system is strong and you may not have HIV.
If your ratio is less than 1, you may have:
HIV
AIDS if your CD4 count is less than 200/mm3
Bone marrow problems related to chemotherapy
Anemia
Multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, or another nervous system condition Cloudtv 3 9 4.
Chronic infection
Higher than normal results may mean you have:
Major infection
Viral infection
Type of blood cancer
How is this test done?
The test requires a blood sample, which is drawn through a needle from a vein in your arm.
Does this test pose any risks?
Taking a blood sample with a needle carries risks that include bleeding, infection, bruising, or feeling dizzy. When the needle pricks your arm, you may feel a slight stinging sensation or pain. Afterward, the site may be slightly sore.
What might affect my test results?
Pregnancy can affect your results. Women with HIV may have higher levels of white blood cells, which affects the proportion of CD4 cells. Drinking too much alcohol can also affect your results. Certain medicines such as corticosteroids can affect your results.
How do I get ready for this test?
You don't need to prepare for this test. But tell your healthcare provider if you are pregnant, are a heavy alcohol user, or are taking medicines that could affect your white blood cell count. In addition, be sure your provider knows about all medicines, herbs, vitamins, and supplements you are taking. This includes medicines that don't need a prescription and any illicit drugs you may use.
Question
Dear Judith, I have been recently diagnosed HIV+ (June 02) and have some questions regarding both the CD4/CD8 ratio and CD4 which do not seem to be spoken about as much as the CD4 absolute.My first question is what exactly are CD8 cells? What happens to them with HIV infection? My understanding is that they increase - is this correct and if so when in the course of infection (after how long)does this happen?Secondly what is the meaning/significance of the CD4/CD8 ratio? My doctor said that with HIV infection this declines/inverts - without meds what level does this ratio fall to and again when does this happen (immediately after infection or after a few months, a year??)Final question is re the CD4.How quickly does this fall on average per year without meds? What is the range? What weight do you place on the when someone has a >35 but a low CD4 because of a low WBC? Would you still start meds if the CD4 went below 350?
Taskpaper 3 0 1 – simple to do list. Thanks in advance for your response and for the great service you do - your work has certianly made the shock of HIV infection easier to deal with
Cd-800-1
Jim
Answer
This question has been forwarded to me since I specialize in primary HIV infection. CD8 cells are a type of white blood cell that is involved in fighting certain types of infection (such as HIV). The total CD8 cell count actually goes down immediately following infection (as does the CD4 cell count) for about 2-3 weeks - then over the course of the next month (i.e. roughly the second month of infection), the CD8 cell count increases (as does the CD4 count) to values higher than are typically seen in HIV negative individuals. During this period, the changes in the CD4/CD8 ratio are quite typical for HIV - though can be very difficult to distinguish from other viral infections such as EBV (i.e. mono). The CD4/CD8 ratio is an indicator of the overall level of immune suppression or damage done by HIV. The lower the CD4/CD8 ratio, the worse the damage. The CD4/CD8 ratio is rarely less than 1.0 in HIV negative individuals, but may drop as low as 0.1 in patients with recent HIV infection or very advanced disease. There is almost always substantial recovery of this ratio, even without antiretroviral therapy, during the 2-3rd month of HIV infection, which then persists for some time. The CD4/CD8 ratio will generally gradually decline over years of HIV infection in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. With therapy (administered fairly early after infection) this ratio may again rise to above 1.0 - a recovery rarely seen in patients with more advanced HIV infection who start on treatment.
Cd 18-1670
The rate of CD4 cell count decline over time is difficult to predict without more information - but in general the rate of decline is proportional to the viral load (i.e. the higher the viral load, the more rapid the CD4 decline). For example, someone with a relatively stable viral load of 100,000 copies/ml might be expected to drop 50-100 CD4 cells per year. Much lower viral loads are associated with generally slower rates of CD4 decline. The decision of when to start treatment is very complex and in my opinion, should be very individualized. I follow the CD4 number, but if this is low because the total WBC count is low for some reason, then I follow the CD4 percentage and the viral load as the best indicators of the risk/rate of disease progression and then advise on the relative risks and benefits of treatment. In general, most physicians strongly advise treatment when the CD4 count is below 200. Between 500 and 200, there is much more room for weighing the pros and cons for each individual person before making this decision.
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Finally, the CD4 and CD8 cell counts during the first 2 months of infection may reach very low levels (i.e. CD4 may fall below 200) - since there is nearly always some degree of recovery of these counts - without treatment - during the next couple of months, I would not be TOO concerned about how low the numbers go during this period - other than to say that the people who drop their CD4 cell counts the lowest, will probably have higher Viral loads after the seroconversion illness period resolves. Good luck.